Comparison of various design methods for bone tissue engineering scaffolds with porous graded structures. Design parameters of 3D bio-printed of the 3-iterations fractal-like scaffolds. Design parameters of three types of scaffold models with different gradients. Design parameters of five types of scaffold models. Schematic diagrams, assembly drawings, and main pictures of the axial and radial permeability setups. Main steps for converting CAD models into fluid computation domains for the radial and axial permeability measurements. Uniaxial compression tests of the porous scaffolds. Main steps for converting CAD models into finite element meshes of the uniaxial compression. Quantification of local porosity and local SS/SV of porous scaffolds in the radial direction. Deposition sequence of the 2D fractal curves of the fractal-like scaffolds. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of live/dead staining for the bio-printed porous scaffolds on days 1, 3, and 5. Axonometric and enlarged views of the 3D bio-printed fractal-like scaffolds with 3 iterations. Establishing the software implementations of the design-to-fabrication workflow from the designed CAD models to the EB-3D printed samples.
Definition of the local zones of the porous scaffolds in the radial direction for evaluating the local porosity and the local SS/SV. CT data of a 58-year-old Chinese woman femur. Four iteration stages of 2D fractal-like curves with 0, 1, 2, and 3 iterations. Four iteration stages of the Koch snowflake (0, 1, 2, and 3 iterations).
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